pressures in various containers/devices
natural
atmospheric pressure
sea level 14.7 psia 101.3 kPa
5,000 ft/1.5 km 12.2 psia 84.3 kPa e.g. Denver, Colorado
10,000 ft/3 km 10.1 psia 69.7 kPa
15,000 ft/4.6 km 8.29 psia 57.2 kPa
20,000 ft/6.1 km 6.76 psia 46.6 kPa
30,000 ft/9.1 km 4.37 psia 30.1 kPa
33,000..42,000 ft/10.1..12.8 km 4.06..2.76 psia 28..19 kPa commercial airplane cruising flight
40,000 ft/12.2 km 2.73 psia 18.8 kPa
60,000 ft/18.3 km 1.05 psia 7.24 kPa
80,000 ft/24.4 km 0.41 psia 2.80 kPa
100,000 ft/30.5 km 0.16 psia 1.12 kPa
water depth
depth approx. 1 MPa per 100 meters (10.046 MPa/km, 10.046 kPa/m) [ref]
10 MPa approx. 995 m depth
14 MPa approx. 1390 m depth
20 MPa approx. 1990 m depth
110.5 MPa in 11 km depth
lungs
total volume (adult) about 6-7 liters
tidal volume (adult) about 4-5 liters (diff is unavailable unless lungs collapse); only 10-15% of tidal volume used at rest
inspiration/expiration 1 cmH2O ~100 Pa alveolar pressure
rupture pressure 95..110 cmH2O 9.32..10.8 kPa difference against ambient pressure; "in the inhale/pause phase of breathing, a 3 foot vertical surge is all that is needed to go blamo (technical term for really big lungs with holes in them)"
MIP, max inspiration -100 cmH2O ~-10 kPa adult
MEP, max exspiration 200 cmH2O ~20 kPa adult
MIP, male -124+-44 cmH2O ~-12+-4 kPa [ref]
MIP, female -87+-32 cmH2O ~-9+-3 kPa [ref]
MEP, male 233+-84 cmH2O ~23+-8 kPa [ref]
MEP, female 152+-54 cmH2O ~15+-5 kPa [ref]
clinically significant changes in vital capacity from -60cmH2O MIP
MEP below 60cmH2O associated with reduced ability to cough and clear secretions
lung volume (total lung capacity): residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
FRC: RV+ERV
inspiratory capacity: TV+IRV
vital capacity: ERV+TV+IRV
blood
[ref]
arterial blood, systole 13..18 kPa
arterial blood, diastole 8..12 kPa
great veins <0.1 kPa
capillaries, arterial end 4 kPa
capillaries, venous end 1.3 kPa
other body pressures
[ref]
eye, acqueous humor 2.6 kPa
cerebrospinal, in brain, lying down 0.6..1.6 kPa
gastrointestinal 1.3..2.6 kPa
intrathoracic -1.3 kPa breaking the underpressure causes pneumothorax, lung collapse
kitchen, drinks
pressure cookers
typical pressure cooker 15 psi 100 kPa [ref], water boils at 121'c, steam gives 4-times heat transfer rate than at 100'c
pressure cooker low 6..8 psi 40..55 kPa
high 13..15 psi 90..100 kPa
drink bottles
typical beer bottle max. 45 psi max. 300 kPa (approx., from cider making)
typical champagne bottle max. 90 psi max. 600 kPa (approx.)
champaigne pressure 60..90 psi 400..600 kPa [ref]
cremant champaigne pressure approx. 30 psi approx.200 kPa
typical Coke at 75F/24c 55 psi 380 kPa
refrigerated 7up 30 psi 207 kPa
Pepsi at 60F/15c 40 psi 276 kPa [ref]
soda bottle at room temp 40..55 psi 276..379 kPa
soda bottle in a hot car 100 psi 690 kPa
champaigne bottle burst test 300 psi 2080 kPa [ref]
soft drink bottle burst test 120..160 psi 827..1100 kPa [ref], one as low as 75 psi/517 kPa
beer kegs
most US ales and lagers 10..12 psi 69..83 kPa
most US stouts and N2-reliant 25..30 psi 172..207 kPa
[ref]
stouts 35..38 psi 241..262 kPa 1.2..2.1 CO2 vol., beer gas (CO2+N2)
ales 7..13 psi 48..90 kPa 2.1..2.6 CO2 vol.
lagers 10..14 psi 69..97 kPa 2.4..2.6 CO2 vol.
continent./light pilsners 11..16 psi 76..110 kPa 2.5..2.8 CO2 vol.
wheat beers, belgian ales, sours 15..20+psi 103..138 kPa over 2.8 CO2 vol.
...also, pressure-temperature-carbonation chart: https://www.kegerators.com/carbonation-table/
infrastructure piping
water mains pressure
typical house inlet 40..45 psi 276..310 kPa max. 60 psi/414 kPa
statutory pressure (UK) 14.5 psi 100 kPa 10m of water column [ref]
typical apartment inlet 29..73 psi 200..500 kPa ...should leave 200kPa at full flow through faucet aerator; 150kPa for 1-2 floors, 250kPa for higher, max 600 kPa, short-term 700 kPa
water heater safety valve 87 psi 600 kPa
pressure regulators from 6 bar to 29..58 psi 200..400 kPa
...extremes said to be 116 psi 800 kPa Prague at night [ref]
gas mains pressure
large mains from oilfield 1500 psi 10300 kPa
transmission, 6..48 in 200..1500 psi 1.38..10.3 MPa
gas mains, 2..24 in 200 psi 1380 kPa
gas home inlet, street pipe 0.25..60 psi 1.7..414 kPa
typically well under 10 psi 69 kPa [ref]
between meter and appliance 0.27..0.29 psi 1.85..2.0 kPa 7.5..8 inWC [ref]
common appliance pressure, CH4 0.25 psi 1.7 kPa 7 inWC (inches of water column)
LPG 0.36..0.4 psi 2.5..2.7 kPa 10..11 inWC (regulated from 100..200 psi in tank) [ref]
example cooker min/max 0.036..0.51 psi 0.25..3.5 kPa 1..14 inWC (min is above the stated manifold pressure - appliances have their own regulators)
pneumatic systems, hydraulics
balls
[ref]
circumf./dia
soccer: FIFA: 8.5..16.5 psi 58.6..114 kPa
basketball: 7.5..8.5 psi 51.7..58.6 kPa (drop from shoulders, bounce to hips)
indoor volleyball size 5: 4.3..4.6 psi 29.4..31.9 kPa 650..670mm 207..214mm 260..280g
indoor volleyball size 4: 4.3..4.6 psi 29.4..31.9 kPa 620..640mm 198..204mm 195..225g
school volleyball size 5: 2.8..3.2 psi 19.6..22.1 kPa 650..670mm 207..214mm 195..225g
kids volleyball size 5: 1.4..2.1 psi 9.8..14.1 kPa 645..665mm 205..212mm 160..180g
beach volleyball offic.size: 2.5..3.2 psi 17.2..22.1 kPa 660..680mm 210..217mm 260..280g
basketball size 7: 8.0..9.0 psi 54.9..61.8 kPa 749..780mm 239..248mm 567..650g
basketball size 6: 8.0..9.0 psi 54.9..61.8 kPa 724..737mm 231..235mm 510..567g
basketball size 5: 8.0..9.0 psi 54.9..61.8 kPa 690..710mm 220..226mm 470..500g
football size 5: 8.6..15.6psi 58.8..108 kPa 680..700mm 217..223mm 410..450g
football size 4: 8.6..15.6psi 58.8..108 kPa 635..660mm 202..210mm 350..390g
football size 3: 4.3..5.7 psi 29.4..39.2 kPa 580..600mm 185..191mm 300..320g
futsal ball offic.size: 8.5..12.8psi 58.8..88.3 kPa 620..640mm 197..204mm 400..440g rebound 50..65cm
netball: ? ? 690..710mm 220..226mm 400..450g
rugby football: 9.5..10 psi 65.7..68.6 kPa 410..460g oval, circ.long axis 740..770mm, short axis 580..620mm(185..195mm dia)
american football: 12.5..13.5psi 86.3..93.2 kPa 397..425g oval, circ.long axis 705..724mm, short axis 527..540mm(168..172mm dia)
air mattresses
air mattress: approx. 0.3 psi approx. 2.1 kPa
max. 0.99psi max. 6.8 kPa (air bed Comfortaire)
max. 0.75psi max. 5.2 kPa
vehicle tires
bicycle road tires: 80..130 psi 552..896 kPa [ref]
bicycle mountain tires: 25..35 psi 172..241 kPa
bicycle hybrid tires: 40..70 psi 276..483 kPa
scooter front tires: 18..24 psi 124..165 kPa
scooter rear tires: 28..36 psi 193..248 kPa
car tires, usual range 32..35 psi 221..241 kPa
car tires, usual maximum 44..51 psi 303..352 kPa
car tires, common burst pressure 200 psi 1380 kPa
trucks 50..80 psi 354..552 kPa rear wheels often higher pressure (50/65 psi 55/80 psi...)
tractors, rear (large wheels) 16..24 psi 110..165 kPa
front (small) 24..40 psi 165..276 kPa
trailers 50..125 psi 345..862 kPa [ref]
[ref]
motorcycles motocross 14 psi 97 kPa
trucks 100 psi 690 kPa
big aircraft 300 psi 2070 kPa
Michelin 2006 MotoGP 13..16 psi 90..110 kPa
car tires 28..40 psi 193..276 kPa
[ref]
motorcycle sport/touring front 32..40 psi 221..276 kPa
rear 34..42 psi 234..290 kPa
motorcycle Cobra reinf. front 38..43 psi 262..296 kPa
rear 44..50 psi 303..345 kPa
motorcycle tour/cruiser both 38..42 psi 262..290 kPa
motorcycle dual purpose front 24..42 psi 165..290 kPa
rear 27..42 psi 186..290 kPa
CO2 is highly soluble in butyl rubber, tire inflated with a CO2 canister will quickly lose pressure
air-inflated car tires lose about 1 psi (6.7kPa) per month, more at hot days
weight capacity is pressure times volume
compressor hoses
usual pressure for coiled 174 psi 1.2 MPa
usual pressure for straight 290 psi 2 MPa
car compressors: max pressure 100psi/690kPa
small compressors: usual pressure 116psi/800kPa, sometimes 145psi/1000kPa, 160psi/1100kPa
battery compressor: max press 116psi/800kPa, 1300czk [ref]
typical pneumatic systems: 100 psi 690 kPa gauges to 300 psi/2MPa
typical hydraulic systems: 3000..5000 psi 20.6..34.5 MPa gauges to 10,000 psi/70 MPa
hydraulic cylinder working press: 9400 psi 65 MPa Brano Z321 jack cylinder, M18x1.5 attachment
car brakes
truck air brakes 100..120 psi 690..830 kPa [ref]
minimum pressure for truck 100 psi 690 kPa
for bus 85 psi 586 kPa
passenger cars
normal braking 435..580 psi 3..4 MPa [ref]
heavy braking 870..1015 psi 6..7 MPa
caliper breaks 3620..4350 psi 25..30 MPa
usual peak braking force on the pedal, average driver: 70 lb/32 kg
old vehicles: hydraulic multiplier 6.2:1 (pedal ratio - pedal travel vs brake travel)
vacuum-assist: pedal ratio 3.2:1..4:1; with -8 psi vacuum on 7" diaphragm adds 300lb to braking force [ref]
-8 psi == -55 kPa
hydraulics
common pressure test kit limit 9140 psi 63 MPa Stauff SMK1, SMK3 test kits
rs-online hydraulic pressure sensor ranges (MPa):
0..0.1, 0..1, 0..2.5, 0.5..5, 1..10, 2..20, 0..25, 0..40
usual test point thread: M16x1.5, sometimes G1/4, G1/2
pressure washers
max pressures:
100 bar == 1450 psi == 10 MPa 1.2 kW, ~2000 czk
110 bar == 1595 psi == 11 MPa
120 bar == 1740 psi == 12 MPa
125 bar == 1813 psi == 12.5 MPa
140 bar == 2030 psi == 14 MPa 1.8 kW, ~3000 czk
150 bar == 2176 psi == 15 MPa
160 bar == 2321 psi == 16 MPa 2 kW, ~4000 czk
200 bar == 2900 psi == 20 MPa 2.6 kW, ~4500 czk, 22 kg Hecht 326
depth approx. 1 MPa per 100 meters (10.046 MPa/km, 10.046 kPa/m) [ref]
10 MPa approx. 995 m depth
14 MPa approx. 1390 m depth
20 MPa approx. 1990 m depth
110.5 MPa in 11 km depth
common bike and car-wheel cleaning: up to 12 MPa
concrete driveways, gutters, tiles: 13-14 MPa
industrial, large areas: 15+ MPa
waterjet cutters
waterjet cutter pressure range 30000..90000 psi 210..620 MPa
HVAC
fridge circuit pressures
top compressor output: 500..1500 psi 3.4..10.3 MPa sources differ with maximums
R134a, low side, at 65F/18c 25..35 psi 172..241 kPa car air conditioner [ref]
75F/24c 35..40 psi 241..310 kPa (low side - compressor input, high side - compressor output)
100F/38c 50..55 psi 349..379 kPa (pressures: below/above = orifice tube blockade?)
high side, at 65F/18c 135..155 psi 931..1069 kPa ( above/below = faulty compressor?)
75F/24c 150..170 psi 1034..1172 kPa ( below/below = too little refrigerant)
100F/38c 315..325 psi 2172..2241 kPa ( above/above = too much refrigerant)
gas cylinders
liquid gas pressures
butane, at 70F/21c 16.6 psig 114 kPa boils at -1c, R600
isobutane, at 20c 29.1 psig 201 kPa boils at -11.7c, R600a [ref]
propane, at 70F/21c 124 psi 853 kPa boils at -42c
propylene, at 20c 133 psig 916 kPa boils at -47c, R1270 [ref]
CO2, at 20c 831 psi 5.73 MPa
CO2, at 31c (critical point) 1070 psi 7.38 MPa
SCUBA diving cylinders
[ref]
diving cylinders, low press 2400..2640 psi 16.5..18.2 MPa
standard 3000 psi 20.7 MPa
high press 3300..3500 psi 22.7..24.1 MPa
200-bar 2900 psi 20.0 MPa
232-bar 3300 psi 23.2 MPa (3365 psi)
300-bar 4350 psi 30.0 MPa
diving cylinder test pressure 1.5x working pressure (1.67 times in the US)
paintball/airsoft cylinders
paintball gas cylinders 3000 psi 20.7 MPa 0.35/0.38/0.4liter, air/N2, ~10 shots per in3
4500 psi 31.0 MPa 0.5 liter, air/N2, ~15 shots per in3
paintball regulators, high output 850 psi 5.86 MPa
low output 450 psi 3.10 MPa
CO2, usual pressure 850 psi 5.86 MPa about 50 shots per oz (28g) of CO2
sample types of pressurized gas cylinders
[ref]
volume out.dia height weight
gas cylinder, LB/LBX 1800 psi 12.4 MPa 0.4l 2" 12" 3.5lb
size 3 2015 psi 13.9 MPa 3l 4.25" 16.75" 11lb
size 7 2015 psi 13.9 MPa 7l 6.25" 18.5" 28lb
size 16 2015 psi 13.9 MPa 16l 7" 32.5" 63lb
size 44 2265 psi 15.6 MPa 44l 9" 51" 133lb
size 44H 3500 psi 24.1 MPa 44l 10" 51" 189lb
size 44HH 6000 psi 41.4 MPa 43l 10" 51" 303lb
size 49 2400 psi 16.5 MPa 49l 9.25" 55" 143lb
size 50 2900 psi 20.0 MPa 50l 9" 58.2" 130lb
1AL 2216 psi 15.3 MPa 1l 3.2" 11.7" 2.3lb
3AL 2015 psi 13.9 MPa 1.7l 4.4" 10.5" 3.5lb
7AL 2216 psi 15.3 MPa 5.9l 6.9" 15.6" 15lb
16AL 2216 psi 15.3 MPa 15.7l 7.25" 33" 30lb
30AL 2015 psi 13.9 MPa 29.5l 8" 47.9" 48lb
47AL 2216 psi 15.3 MPa 46.4l 9.8" 51.9" 90lb
gas cylinders, high pressure 1800 psi 12.4 MPa
gas cylinder regulators
3MPa (hydrocarbons) 435 psi 3.0 MPa
15MPa (CO2, O2, N2, N2O) 2176 psi 15.0 MPa burst disc at 21 MPa/3045 psi
20MPa (O2, N2, Ar) 2900 psi 20.0 MPa burst disc at 28 MPa/4060 psi
gas cylinder valve inlet threads: 3/8-18 NGT (LPG), 1/2 NGT (small oxygen), 3/4-14 NGT (most common), 1-11.5 NGT, GB8335 PZ27.8 [ref]
parallel threads on bottles good for low-pressure (liquefied) nonhazardous gases [ref]
parallel threads on bottles illegal in some countries for toxic gases
rockets, weapons
rocket engine chamber pressures
typical 150..3000 psi 1..20 MPa [ref]
V2/A4 227 psi 1.545 MPa burn time 60s, accel to 1340 m/s
gun barrel chamber pressures
example shotgun 6000..9000 psi 41..62 MPa https://www.shootingsoftware.com/pressure.htm
usual rifle peaks 32000..60000 psi 221..414 MPa https://www.shootingsoftware.com/pressure.htm
gauge for low-press to 20000 psi 138 MPa https://www.shootingsoftware.com/pressure.htm (low-press black powder, shotguns)
gauge for high press to 80000 psi 550 MPa https://www.shootingsoftware.com/pressure.htm (centerfire rifles)
M193 5.56 mm gas port peak: ~12000 psi ~83 MPa https://www.slideshare.net/AasifaRounak/seminar-25305852
M193 5.56 mm peak: ~55000 psi ~380 MPa https://www.slideshare.net/AasifaRounak/seminar-25305852
artillery chamber peak: 60000 psi 414 MPa https://www.slideshare.net/AasifaRounak/seminar-25305852
Mk8 gauge 2900..31900 psi 20..200 MPa https://www.slideshare.net/AasifaRounak/seminar-25305852
Mk9 gauge 21755..90650 psi 150..625 MPa https://www.slideshare.net/AasifaRounak/seminar-25305852
identical rounds in identical gun vary pressure measurements by 5-10%
smokeless powder burns slower, more predictable than black powder
usual trace timing 1.5 to 2 msec start to end, with peak at 0.3 to 0.5 msec, typ. 4k points (2..2.7 MHz samplerate, 3.75..5 usec/sample)
secondary pressure spikes (reignition, shockwave reflection) can be over 80,000 psi (550 MPa) - can expand barrel, tear it
rifle chamber pressures similar to artillery gun pressures (60k psi)
accelerometer rarely reads over 500g, a 500g one should be sufficient [ref]
most is axial (-350g, then 20-30g), vertical (-100..+80 in few oscillations), least lateral (-50..+50 6-7 periods)
peak 2msec, total oscillations up to 12-15 msec
MandP15: peak 400g, 20msec for bolt group to reach back (and eject shell), 40msec more to reach front (and load round) (impact creates g-force spike)
metallurgy
internal pressure of hydrogen in alloys
bubble formation in copper 58000 psi 400 MPa https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4fd0/340690c7fb3f2ee77448595206d2c7796d7e.pdf
methane in blisters 6000 psi 41 MPa http://hghouston.com/resources/discussion-forums/forumid/5/threadid/5262/scope/posts
hydrogen in blisters, much over 630 psi 4.3 MPa https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/NACE-01520
various
tablet pressing
http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/docs/full/2014_06_624-629.pdf
force-distance curve, assesses pressing and relaxation phase
also, relaxation vs time
forces ranging in 8..10 MN
robust tablet has tensile strength of 1..2 MPa
hydraulic tablet presses: 12,24,30,40(hand), 20,30,40,60(electric), 20,40,60,100(hydraulic) tons of force
pressure used: 25..250 MPa in general, usually 150+
1 MPa=10kg/cm2
for .25cm2 tablet: 1MPa=2.5 kg, 250 MPa=625 kg
precompression: ejects air from mixture, about 1.5 MPa
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