back to index

Serial ports
      Serial port/cable hardware
            Signals, by pin
                  input:Rx, output:Tx
                  output:RTS, Request To Send
                  output:DTR, Data Terminal Ready
                  input:DCD, Data Carrier Detect; also CAR, Carrier; CD, Carrier Detect; RLSD, Receive Line Signal Detect
                  input:DSR, Data Set Ready; also LE, Line Enable
                  input:CTS, Clear To Send
                  input:RI, Ring Indicator; also RNG, Ring
                  reference:GND
            RS232 - DTE, DCE, null-modems
            Wiring and signals, by use
                  modem
                  null-modem
                  mice and assorted small serial devices
                  digital control signals (Rx/Tx unused)
                  GPS
                  bootloaders
                  RS485
                  UART
            Drivers and levels
                  mark/space/break
                  UART
                  RS232
                  RS422
                  RS485
                  old terminals/teletypes
      Serial port, software interfacing
            serial port configuration
                  data frame
                  break
                  baudrate vs bitrate
                  speed constraints
                  flow control
                  split speeds
      Serial baud rates

Serial ports


Serial port/cable hardware

Many devices are interfaced via a form of a serial port. The possible implementations are:

Many microcontrollers, from Arduino-class to ESP8266 and ESP32, are equipped with a serial port and a bootloader, allowing in-system flashing of new firmware.

Signals, by pin

input/output from the perspective of the computer ("DTE")

input:Rx, output:Tx

output:RTS, Request To Send

output:DTR, Data Terminal Ready

input:DCD, Data Carrier Detect; also CAR, Carrier; CD, Carrier Detect; RLSD, Receive Line Signal Detect

input:DSR, Data Set Ready; also LE, Line Enable

input:CTS, Clear To Send

input:RI, Ring Indicator; also RNG, Ring

reference:GND

RS232 - DTE, DCE, null-modems

The serial output has two data lines:

RS-232 devices have two flavors:

RS-232 connectors come in a few common variants (and a plethora of ad-hoc vendor-specific ones):

EIA signal 9pin  25pin RJ45   DTE (DCE)  pairs
BB  Rx      2      3    5     IN   out    Tx     serial data receiving
BA  Tx      3      2    6     OUT  in     Rx     serial data transmitting
CA  RTS     7      4    8     OUT  in     CTS    computer asks modem to send data
CB  CTS     8      5    7     IN   out    RTS    modem is ready to accept data - response to RTS, after few msec
CD  DTR     4     20    3     OUT  in  DCD+DSR   computer is operational; when asserted, accepts/continues call; often low by OS when port is unused
CC  DSR     6      6   (1)    IN   out    DTR    modem is operational
CF  DCD     1      8    2     IN   out    DTR    modem indicates carrier present, remote side is sending signal"; presence of remote party and active connection
CE  RI      9     22    1     in   out    n/a    modem announces incoming call; input on computer, omitted on nullmodems
AB  GND/SG  5      7    4     ref  ref           signal ground
AA  PGND           1                             protective ground, shielding

Some devices use RJ45 or RJ11 connectors. Some pinouts listed here.

Wiring and signals, by use

modem

null-modem

ALWAYS:          A:Rx-----B:Tx,   A:Tx-----B:Rx,    A:GND----B:GND

simple:          no additional lines
self-control:    A:RTS++A:CTS,    B:RTS++B:CTS,     A:DTR++A:DSR++A:DCD,  B:DTR++B:DSR++B:DCD
part-self:                                          A:DTR++A:DSR++A:DCD,  B:DTR++B:DSR++B:DCD
RTS-CTS:         A:RTS----B:CTS,  A:CTS----B:RTS
partial:         A:RTS----B:CTS,  A:CTS----B:RTS;   A:DTR++A:DSR++A:DCD,     B:DTR++B:DSR++B:DCD
EYN253C,full:    A:RTS----B:CTS,  A:CTS----B:RTS,   A:DTR----B:DSR++B:DCD,   B:DTR----A:DSR++A:DCD
EYN254C:         A:DTR----B:DSR++B:CTS++B:DCD,      B:DTR----A:DSR++A:CTS++A:DCD

mice and assorted small serial devices

digital control signals (Rx/Tx unused)

GPS

bootloaders

RS485

UART

CAUTION: as demonstrated, there is no pinout standard for board UART connectors!

Drivers and levels

mark/space/break

UART

RS232

RS422

RS485

old terminals/teletypes


Serial port, software interfacing

In Linux, the serial ports are character devices. Plain input/output is handled by writing data to the device and reading from it.

"Out of band" operations, like setting baud rate and handling the control lines, is done by performing ioctl operations on the opened file.

The serial port names are usually:

Windows have a very similar concept to ioctl, the DeviceIoControl call.

serial port configuration

For the communication, several configuration options are required:

data frame

for 8N1 (8bits, no parity, 1 stop bit) there are 10 bits per byte transmitted; 9600 bps == 960 bytes/sec

A sequence of one lonely byte, compared with a few together, looks

For 8N1 (most common):
 ^^^^^^^^sddddddddS^^^^^^^^
 ^^^^^^^^sddddddddSsddddddddSsddddddddSsddddddddS^^^^^^^^^ structure
 111111110dddddddd10dddddddd10dddddddd10dddddddd1111111111 template
 111111110001010101010100110101100111010001011101111111111 example 8N1
          00101010  10100110  11001110  00101110           payload

For 7E1 or 7O1:
 ^^^^^^^^sdddddddpS^^^^^^^^
 ^^^^^^^^sdddddddpSsdddddddpSsdddddddpSsdddddddpS^^^^^^^^^ structure
 111111110dddddddp10dddddddp10dddddddp10dddddddp1111111111 template
 111111110001010111010100110101100111110001011101111111111 example 7E1
 111111110001010101010100111101100111010001011111111111111 example 7O1
          0010101   1010011   1100111   0010111            payload

For 8E1 or 8O1:
 ^^^^^^^^sddddddddpS^^^^^^^
 ^^^^^^^^sddddddddpSsddddddddpSsddddddddpSsddddddddpS^^^^^ structure
 111111110ddddddddp10ddddddddp10ddddddddp10ddddddddp111111 template
 111111110001010101101010011001011001110110001011100111111 example 8E1
 111111110001010100101010011011011001110010001011101111111 example 8O1
          00101010   10100110   11001110   00101110        payload

For ol' 5N2/ITA2:
 ^^^^^^^^sdddddSS^^^^^^^^^^
 ^^^^^^^^sdddddSSsdddddSSsdddddSSsdddddSS^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ structure
 111111110ddddd110ddddd110ddddd110ddddd1111111111111111111 template
 111111110000011101000011010100110000011111111111111111111 example 5N2
          00001   10000   10100   00001                    payload

  ^ - idle line - UART in H
  s - start bit - 1 cycle, L
  d - data bits - usually little-endian, LSB-first
  p - parity bit - optional, last in data bit sequence
  S - stop bit - 1, 1.5 or 2 cycles, H; functionally equivalent to idle line

  test sequence: ASCII: "Test", 0x54-0x65-0x73-0x74
                 ITA2:  "TEST", 0x10-0x01-0x05-0x10 ("Baudot")

There may or may not be additional arbitrary space (not necessarily a multiple of bit cycle) between the stop bit and the subsequent start bit. The front edge of the start bit synchronizes the receiver's bit clock.

break

A break is a stream of zero bits, usually for 250-500 msec. Usually either

Sent by IOCTLs:

baudrate vs bitrate

In communication, symbols are fed through the data line at a given rate per second. A symbol can be a discrete value of signal amplitude (or voltage on the line), frequency or frequency combination (FSK - a discrete-level variant of FM), phase (PSK), or combination (QAM, QPSK...)...

There are possible encodings of bits per symbol, ranging from one (or less than one in some cases) to many:

type        bits/baud   type
logical 1/0      1      common serial UART
QPSK             2
8-PSK            3
16-QAM           4
64-QAM           6
256-QAM          8
CIS-45          45      OFDM, 45 parallel tones, 33.33 or 40 Bd (1500 or 1800 bps)
CIS-60          60      OFDM, 60 parallel tones, 35.555 Bd (2133.33 bps)
CIS-93          93      OFDM, 93 parallel tones, 22 Bd (2046 bps)

speed constraints

flow control

To give the receiving system the ability to tell the sender to back off a little because it is sending data too fast, flow control schemes can be deployed. The most common are:

split speeds

In many cases the speed needed in one direction is much lower than for the other direction.

A terminal attached to a computer can benefit from high speed on the downlink but the same speed would be wasted on the meat-in-the-chair's keystrokes.

Hence, split speeds (downlink/uplink); eg.:

Similar principle applies for eg. ADSL lines, where the assumption is that the downlink bandwidth (web browsers, video, assorted downloads) will be needed to be way higher than the uplink (webpage requests, occasional email or chat message).


Serial baud rates

The speed of the line, the bitrate (or baudrate, for usual UART/RSxxx/currentloop one-bit-per-baud they are equal), can vary widely.

The bit clock is generated by binary division of a master clock source, usually a crystal oscillator. (PLL can be also employed but these are rare with ordinary serial ports.)

Many devices have fixed list of supported bitrates. Some have the unused once-common-standard speeds remapped to more modern ones missing in the tables. Eg. some Amiga computers have the 31250 bps rate (common for MIDI) in the setting for 134 bps - the target audience had more musical equipment to talk with than IBM Selectrics.

 c_flag = bitrate identification number for unix termios structure
 DIV = divisor from 1.8432 MHz clock divided by 16 = from 115200
 DIV1 = divisor from 1 MHz
 DIV12 = divisor from 12 MHz (FTDI chips use 3MHz clock reference)
 CAN = CAN Bus
 NICAN = National Instruments NI-CAN hardware - CAN bus bitrate, less common
 Lantronix PFAL = Lantronix CAN bus interface speeds [ref]

 CP2102,CH304,PL2303 = common USB-UART chips supporting the bitrate

 s=standard speed
 S=standard speed, common
 c=CAN bus speed
 C=CAN bus speed, common
 v=vehicles, not-CAN
 r=radio link speed
 t=teletypes
 T=teletypes, common
 m=modems
 i=industrial

            rate   c_cflag  DIV DIV1 DIV12
           OTHER   0x1000                   requires termios2, the speed is then in c_ispeed, c_ospeed
               0   0x0000                   no connection
            1/60                            IRIG timecode D
               1                            many [link?:time signal] radio stations, eg. DCF77, TDF time signal; IRIG timecode H
    v          5                            initialization for OBD-II ISO9141-2 and ISO14230-4 car diagnostic protocol (K-line)
              10                            IRIG timecode E
tr            45                            RTTY 45 baud, common amateur radio standard, 5-bit (eg. 14075 KHz USB); often a shorthand for 45.45(45)
Tr       45.4545                    264000  TTY V.18, "60-speed" teleprinters (USA), 22msec pulse, 5-bit/ITA2, 5N2; amateur-radio RTTY; Teletype Model 15, most audio recording of teleprinters; some HAM wireless
tr            50   0x0001   2304    240000  TTY V.18, "66-speed" teleprinters (Europe), 20msec pulse, 5-bit/ITA2, 5N2; common Telex, news agency wires, from year 194x; CH340; GPS signal, legacy C/A PRN, LNAV, L5 CNAV
tr            56.875                        "75-speed" teleprinters, 5-bit/ITA2
tr            74.2                          "100-speed" teleprinters, 5-bit/ITA2
Tr s          75   0x0002   1536    160000  5-bit teleprinters; reverse channel in some V.23 1200bps modems; RTTY 75 baud, 5 bit (eg. 10536 kHz USB), common standard in weather data transfer; CH340,PL2303
 r           100           10000    120000  packet radio, AMTOR; IRIG timecode B (eg. IRIG B122); CH340; GPS signal, L1C CNAV2, GLONASSL1OC and L3OC
T ms         110   0x0003                   typical teleprinter speed; Bell 101 modem; CH340,PL2303
T            134.5 0x0004                   IBM2731 mechanical teletype terminal (1.5 stop bit); IBM Selectric typewriter - at 110 bps the internal clutch kept engaging/disengaging and wearing out mechanism[ref]; CH340
  ms         150   0x0005    768     80000  2*75; acoustic coupler modems, typical reliable speed; CH340,PL2303
    v        160                            vehicles; ancient (1980) General Motors on-board diagnostics, PWM; Assembly Line Diagnostic Link (ALDL)
 r           200   0x0006    576     60000  some terminals; unusual; packet radio, PACTOR; some automotive K-line diagnostics
  ms         300   0x0007    384     40000  modem, V.21 (full duplex, 300baud, FSK); acoustic coupler modems, 1972; Pennywhistle modem; Hayes Smartmodem (audio FSK, 1981), Bell 103 modem (also packet radio, eg. 14105 kHz USB, 147.060 NFM); "300bps,N,8,1"; common packet radio speed below 30 MHz; IRIG timecode J-12; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
             450             256            some terminals; unusual
 r           512             225            POCSAG 512 baud, radio, paging format originating in the UK, used widely in the US
  ms         600   0x0008    192     20000  modem, V.22 (full duplex, 600baud, PSK); Golay Motorola radio paging signal; IRIG timecode J-13; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
  m          700                            one of CDMA2000, reverse packet data control channel
  m          800                            one of CDMA2000, reverse acknowledgment channel
             900                            CH340
            1000                            IRIG timecode A
  ms        1200   0x0009     96     10000  modem, V.22 (full duplex, 600baud, QPSK), Bell212A (QAM), Bell202 (1200baud, FSK), V.23 (half-duplex, FSK, sometimes 75bps reverse channel, eg. French Minitel, German BTX); acoustic coupler practical upper limit; Bell 202 modem AFSK (1200Hz mark, 2200Hz space, half-duplex; packet radio (eg. 144.39 NFM, 145.030 NFM), HART); DALI[ref] bus; POCSAG 1200 baud; various telemetry; IRIG timecode J-14; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
  m         1350                            one of CDMA2000
  m         1500                            one of CDMA2000
  m         1600                            FLEX, radio paging (929 and 931 MHz US)
  m         1800   0x000a     64            less common; some leased-line modems, Bell 202C/D/R/T (FSK); about the ceiling of FSK on phone line; one of CDMA2000; CP2101,CH340,PL2303
            2000                      6000  some terminals; unusual
! mS        2400   0x000b     48      5000  modem, V.22bis (full duplex, 600baud, QAM), V.26bis (1200baud, PSK); POCSAG 2400 baud; DPSK common modem modulation; some multimeters; IRIG timecode J-25; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
  m         2700                            one of CDMA2000
 rm         3200                            FLEX, radio paging (929 and 931 MHz US); one of CDMA2000
 rm         3600              32            0.5*7200; modem, Bell 203A/B/C (vestigial sideband); unusual; various mobile radio trunking control (Motorola Type 1); one of CDMA2000; CH340,PL2303
  m         3800                            one of CDMA2000
            4000                  250 3000  unusual; CP2102
!rmS        4800   0x000c     24      2500  modem, V.32 (half-duplex, 2400baud), V.29 (PSK/QAM), V.32bis, V.27ter (1600 baud, PSK, 1650Hz carrier), Bell 208A/B (8phi-PSK); wireless, dispatch control systems, Automatic Train Control System; some slower GPS; various mobile radio trunking control; ISO9141-2/ISO14230-4 in cars (K-line, optional speed); IRIG timecode J-26; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    c       5000                  200 2400  NICAN
    c       6150                            NICAN
 r          6250                            ERMES paging (European Radio MEssage System), wireless (169MHz in France, Hungary, Malaysia)
 r          6400                            FLEX, radio paging (929 and 931 MHz US)
 rm         7200              16            modem, V.29 (PSK/QAM), V.32bis, Bell 203A/B/C (vestigial sideband); one of CDMA2000; unusual; CP2102,PL2303
    c       7812.5                128 1536  1/2 15625, 1/16 125000; NICAN
    c       8000                  125 1500  NICAN
    v       8192                            vehicle diag, ancient (1986); GM XDE-5024B; upgraded ALDL; half-duplex [ref]
!rmS  i     9600   0x000d     12      1250  modem, V.32 (half-duplex, 2400baud, QAM, 1650Hz carrier), V.29 (PSK/QAM), V.32bis, Bell209A (QAM); common factory default (8N1) for slower speeds; very common general communication rate for lower-speed devices (GPS, multimeters, MODBUS, Profibus...); ISO9141-2/ISO14230-4 in cars (K-line, optional speed); various mobile radio trunking control; IRIG timecode J-27; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    c      10000                  100 1200  NICAN, Lantronix PFAL; IRIG timecode G
    v      10400                            some OBD-II car interfaces, bidirectional serial line, "K-line"; ISO 9141-2 (async 8n1) is primarily used in Chrysler, European, and Asian vehicles; ISO 14230 KWP2000 (Keyword Protocol 2000, async 8n1), Ford UBP; default speed for ISO9141-2, ISO14230-4; ELM327 protocol 2, SAE J1850 VPW (mostly GM vehicles); ELM327 protocol 3, ISO9141-2, 5baud init; ELM327 protocol 4/5, ISO14230-4, 5baud/fast init
           11520              10            1.2*9600
  m        12000?                     1000  0.5*24000; modem, V.32bis (TCM/Trellis); fax, V.17 (fax, TCM/Trellis modulation)
    c      12500                   80  960  NICAN
  m        14400               8            1.5*9600; modem, V.32bis (TCM/Trellis), V.33 (4-wire), HST (USRobotics); fax, V.17 (TCM/Trellis modulation); mobile GSM CSD (2G), GPRS (2.5G) upstream, one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
    c      15625                   64  768  1/2 31250, 1/8 125000; NICAN; SAE J1708 (62500/9600)
    c      16000                  62.5 750  NICAN; CP2102
  m        16800                            modem, US Robotics HST version (unusual)
! mS  i    19200   0x000e/EXTA 6       625  modem, V.32terbo/V.32ter (TCM/Trellis, non-ITU-T, AT&;T, unusual), V.34; some faster multimeters, MODBUS, Profibus, LIN; CDPD, Cellular Digital Packet Data; IRIG timecode J-28; EXTA for external baudrate generator A; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    c      20000                   50  600  NICAN, Lantronix PFAL
  m        24000                       500  modem, V.34
    c      25000                   40  480  NICAN
  ms       28800               4            3*9600; modem, V.34 (3200 baud, TCM/Trellis), V.FC/V.FastClass/V.FAST (non-ITU-T, Hayes/Rockwell); GPRS (2.5G) upstream, one of CDMA2000; CP2102,PL2303
  m        31200                            modem, V.34+/V.34bis
!  Sc      31250                   32  384  1/4 125000; serial MIDI, NICAN; Profibus PA (trapezoidal biphase Manchester encoding)
           32000                       375
    C      33300                            SWCAN, single-wire CAN, SAE J2411; eg. Tesla ChargePort; Lantronix PFAL
  m        33600                            modem, V.34+/V.34bis (3429 baud, TCM/Trellis), upstream for V.90/V.92 when digital off; near Shannon limit for 3kHz bandwidth; CH340
!  s       38400   0x000f/EXTB 3      312.5 38400 baudrate often needs a specific kludge; EXTB for external baudrate generator B; IRIG timecode J-29; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    c      40000                   25  300  NICAN
  m        40800                            some wideband modems; one of CDMA2000
    c      41600                            CAN, Ford SCP; ELM327 protocol 1, SAE J1850 PWM (mostly Ford vehicles); maybe ISO9141-2,ISO14230?
     i     45450                   22  264  Profibus
  m        48000                       250  2*24000 modem, upstream for V.92
  m c      50000                   20  240  some wideband modems; NICAN, Lantronix PFAL; ELM327 protocol C, USER2 CAN, 11bit ID (id/speed adjustable); fault-tolerant CAN in Fiat/Alfa/Lancia, not OBD2 standard; singlewire CAN?
           51200                            unusual; CP2102
  m        53300                            modem, V.44
  m        56000                            56 kbit/s line; modem, V.90 (8000/3429 baud, 56k/33k6, digital), V.92 (8000/8000 baud, 56k/48k, digital), various "56K"; frame relay; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
! mS       57600   0x1001      2            1.5*38400, 3*19200; common higher speed lower than 115200; mobile HSCSD downstream, GPRS (2.5G) downstream, one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    c      62500                   16  192  2*31250, 1/2 125000; NICAN; SAE J1708 (62500/9600)
  m        64000                      187.5 ISDN single, DS0/E0/T0; frame relay; CP2102
           72000                      500/3 3*24000
           74880                            ESP8266 post-reset/bootloader (26 MHz crystal) (115200*26/40) (2.5% off 76800, which usually works)
           75000                  40/3 160  something industrial
  m  i     76800             2/3            2*38400; BACnet (Building Automation and Control) MS/TP networks; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340
  m        79200                            one of CDMA2000
    c      80000                  12.5 150  NICAN
    C      83300                            SWCAN, single-wire CAN, SAE J2411, high-speed for diagnostics; CAN_GEN_SW (singlewire); Lantronix PFAL
     i     93750                  32/3 128  3*31250; Profibus
    c      95200                            CAN bus, less common; Lantronix PFAL
    c     100000                       120  NICAN, Lantronix PFAL; TIRA-1 infrared transceiver; WiDEN; Futaba S.Bus (8bit, 2 stopbits, even parity, inverted)
!  S      115200   0x1002      1            3*38400, 2*57600; common factory default (8N1) for higher speeds; IrDA SIR; very common bootloader and general communication rate for higher speed devices (arduino...); typical max speed of older RS232; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
    C     125000                    8   96  4*31250; MIDI (less common), NICAN, CAN (Fault-tolerant CAN ISO 11898-3, truck-trailer CAN ISO 11992); CAN_GEN_LS (lowspeed); Lantronix PFAL; ELM327 protocol B, USER1 CAN, 11bit ID (id/speed adjustable)
  m c     128000                            CAN, ISDN dual (2x 64k); frame relay; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
          134400                            PL2303
          144000                            ISDN Basic Rate Interface; 2x 64kbit/s data bearer channels (B channel), 1x 16kbit/s control channel (D channel)
    c     153600             4/3            4*38400; CAN; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340; maximum of 16550 UART?
  m       156000                            one of CDMA2000
    c     160000                        75  NICAN
          161280                            PL2303
     i    187500                        64  Profibus
          192000                            frame relay (3*64000, 5*38400)
    c     200000                    5   60  NICAN
          201600                            PL2303
!  S      230400   0x1003    1/2            2*115200; AppleTalk/LocalTalk (RS485); one of CDMA2000; highest "usual" UART bitrate; top for FTDI at 12 MHz?; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
!  SC     250000                    4   48  802.15.4; common higher-rate speed (eg. Marlin CNC), DMX512, MIDI; CAN (ISOBUS (ISO 11783), SAE J1939), NICAN, Lantronix PFAL; CP2102; ELM327 protocol 8/9, ISO15765-4, 11bit/29bit ID; ELM327 protocol A, SAE J1939 CAN, 29bit ID (adjustable speed)
    c     256000                            CAN; frame relay; CP2102,PL2303
  m       259200                            one of CDMA2000
          268800                            7*38400; PL2303
  m       307200                            8*38400; one of CDMA2000
  m       309600                            one of CDMA2000
          320000                            frame relay
          384000                            frame relay
    c     400000                        30  NICAN, less uncommon
          403200                            PL2303
          448000                            frame relay
!  s      460800   0x1004    1/4            4*115200; common fast for microcontroller UART; one of CDMA2000; CP2102,CH340,PL2303,HT42B534
  m       463200                            one of CDMA2000
!  sC     500000   0x1005           2   24  CAN, NICAN, Lantronix PFAL, Ford HS CAN, Ford MS CAN; Profibus, max of Fieldbus; CP2102; ELM327 protocol 6/7, ISO15765-4, 11bit/29bit ID
          511500                            GPS signals, GPS L2C CL and CM code bitrates, multiplexed together to 1,023,000 bps
  m       512000                            frame relay; ADSL(G.lite) upstream
  m       518400                            one of CDMA2000
          576000   0x1006    1/5            5*115200; IrDA MIR slow; CP2102
  m       614400                            16*38400; one of CDMA2000; PL2303
  m       616800                            one of CDMA2000
    c     666600                            CAN bus, less common, Lantronix PFAL
          691200             1/6            6*115200
   sC     800000                        15  NICAN, Lantronix PFAL
          806400                            PL2303
  m       921600   0x1007    1/8            8x115200; common fast for microcontroller UART; default speed of higher speed powerline modems; CP2102,CH340,PL2303
  m       924000                            one of CDMA2000
!  sC    1000000   0x1008           1   12  common RS485; CAN 2.0 maximum (Highspeed CAN, ISO 11898-2, SAE J2284), NICAN, Lantronix PFAL; CAN_GEN_HS (highspeed)
         1023000                            GPS signals, GPS L2C CL and CM code bitrates multiplexed together
  m      1024000                            frame relay; ADSL(G.dmt) ITU G.991.2 upstream
  m      1036800                            one of CDMA2000
         1152000   0x1009   1/10            10x115200; IrDA MIR fast
         1200000                        10  CP2102
         1228800                            32*38400; PL2303
  m      1231200                            one of CDMA2000
         1382400            1/12
  m      1440000                            ADSL2 ITU G.992.3 upstream
     i   1500000   0x100a                8  Profibus; CP2102,CH340
  m      1536000                            USB 1.0 low-speed; frame relay; ADSL(G.lite) (1536k/512k)
  m      1538400                            one of CDMA2000
  m      1544000                            ISDN T1 based; 23x 64kbit/s B channels, 1x 64kbit/s D channel for control
         1612800            1/14
         1700000                            HT42B534
         1843200            1/16            original 8250 UART clock; ESP8266?
  m      1845600                            one of CDMA2000
! m  i   2000000   0x100b         1/2    6  common RS485; top for FTDI at 48 MHz?; MSDSL; CH340
  m      2048000                            frame relay; ISDN E1 based; 30x 64kbit/s B channels, 1x 64kbit/s D channel for control, 1x free timeslot for sync
         2073600            1/18
         2304000            1/20            20*115200; HT42B534
  m      2320000                            SDSL
         2457600                            64*38400; PL2303
         2500000   0x100c         2/5
         2686400                            ESP8266 theoretical maximum?
         2764800            1/24
         2768000?                           serial UART maximum?
     i   3000000   0x100d         1/3    4  ceiling of some USB-serial chips with 12 or 48 MHz clock; Profibus; PL2303, FT232R maximum
         3072000
         3400000                            HT42B534
         3500000   0x100e
         3584000                            ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5 upstream
         3686400            1/32
         3916800            1/34
         4000000   0x100f         1/4    3  IrDA FIR
         4608000            1/40            40*115200, ESP8266 top UART speed?
  m      5690000                            SHDSL ITU G.991.2
     i   6000000                  1/6    2  Profibus; PL2303
  m      8192000                            ADSL(G.dmt) ITU G.991.2 (8192/1024 kbps)
     i  10000000                 1/10       RS485 maximum at 12m; 10base2 and 10baseT ethernet
    Ci  12000000                 1/12    1  Profibus maximum; CAN FD max (ISO 11898-2 2015), CAN_GEN_FD; PL2303
  m     12288000                            ADSL2 ITU G.992.3 (12288/1440 kbps)
    C   15000000                            CAN FD maximum
  m     24576000                            ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5 (24576/3584 kbps)

If you have any comments or questions about the topic, please let me know here:
Your name:
Your email:
Spambait
Leave this empty!
Only spambots enter stuff here.
Feedback: